Summary of Types of Sensors on Cars Today

TYPES OF CAR SENSOR CURRENTLY – SOME THINGS IN SUMMARY

(Video subtitles about car sensors for unknown listeners)

Hello everyone, I wish you a very good day. Today, I would like to present about the types of sensors commonly found in cars, this is a video that I made according to the idea of ​​a contributor, please follow along.

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Today, a lot of car CA's activities are done through sensors and ECUs, they are likened to the senses on the human body, and the ECUs are like the brain receiving words. senses to give appropriate instructions to the body, so what kind of sensors will there be in the car? And what is their role? Then we will go to learn a few things about some sensors as follows:

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  • The first is the crankshaft position sensor: The camshaft positions and the speed sensor, I put these three together as one, because the general rule of these three types is that it will have a small coil attached to an iron disc with a serrated edge. , this iron plate is attached to the hub back, either to the camshaft or directly to the wheel. Then when this iron plate rotates, these serrated teeth will move through the coil head, causing the magnetic field in the coil to change, thereby causing an induced current in the coil, The result is a series of electrical pulses. Then this principle of operation is based on the kissing effect in physics, when the ECUs receive these electrical pulses, it will count this number of pulses and from there it will calculate the position. position of the crankshaft, or the position of the camshaft as well as the speed of the CA. Then the effect of the crankshaft position sensor and camshaft position sensor is to help the ECU to accurately determine the optimal fuel injection and ignition timing, while the wheel-mounted speed sensor does not. helps the ABS anti-lock braking system work and on some CAs, the speed it is displayed in digital form, the display part also takes the signal from this sensor, when the axle sensor If the elbow is damaged, the engine will be able to stop working. And if the camshaft sensor is damaged, the car may be difficult to start or stall, or not meet the capacity and then the engine error lights will light up.

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  • The second is the throttle position sensor (abbreviated as TPS): Then this sensor is responsible for measuring the throttle opening, helping the ECU to adjust the optimal amount of fuel injection according to that throttle opening. On automatic transmission cars, the throttle position sensor helps operate the gearshift control system, there are many types of throttle position sensors, but the simplest and cheapest it is just a variable. resistor is attached to the shaft of the throttle, when turning the throttle, this rheostat will rotate along that axis, and the ECU will measure the throttle opening through the change in voltage applied on the throttle that variable. When this sensor fails, the engine error light will come on and when accelerating, the car will not respond in time and the automatic transmission will not work properly when shifting gears, and it may be bad. in a situation where the machine is dead.
  • The third is the sensor that measures the flow of the intake air (AFM for short): The role of this sensor is to measure the flow of air intake into the engine, helping the ECU to adjust the amount of fuel injected, so that it is correct with the ratio. The intake air flow sensor is mounted on the intake manifold and is usually composed of a heated mesh membrane and when the air is blown through, it will make this mesh depending on the strength and weakness of the flow. gas that this mesh will reduce its temperature more or less. Then, through that, the resistance of this grid will decrease more or less, respectively, based on this thermistor effect that the ECU will determine the intake air flow into the engine, then when this sensor fails, the engine error light will light up or blink, the engine will run louder and lose power, consuming more fuel.

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  • Fourth is the detonation sensor called knock sensor: Then the detonation sensor is made of quartz crystal, when there is pressure applied to it, it will generate voltage, the detonation sensor is attached to the cylinder wall or on the engine cover, it has a shape. shaped like a normal screw, its job is to detect the phenomenon of pre-ignition of the fuel, especially when we use a gasoline with a lower screw index than the other. The level that the car manufacturer regulates, ie it can help prevent the self-ignition of gasoline before the buri ignites, then when detonated early, the engine will vibrate more than usual and often emit loud knock. That's why some places also call this sensor a knock sensor, this sensor is designed to have the same operating frequency as the number of vibrations of the engine when detonation occurs. Then if the phenomenon of detonation occurs, it will appear the gate effect and at this time, the pressure acting on the quartz crystal is the largest and generates a voltage, thanks to that, its ECU detects the phenomenon of detonation occurring, and makes appropriate adjustments such as reducing the ignition base of the buri and on some models it can give an indication to limit the speed. of the engine, when this sensor fails, the car often makes a knocking sound when accelerating, and the engine error light lights up.
  • Fifth is the Oxygen sensor: The Oxygen sensor has the role of controlling the exhaust gas flow and thereby helping to adjust the ratio of air and fuel, so that the fuel combustion is optimal, the thing that is left with a lot of oxygen. In the exhaust gas, it will contribute to an increase in the concentration of NOx gas, which is very harmful to the environment, the oxygen sensor is usually located in the exhaust pipe, usually in the position before and after the catalytic converter, when the flow If the exhaust gas passes through the sensor with a high amount of oxygen, the voltage on the sensor will be low, and vice versa if the oxygen content is low, the output voltage will be high, based on the voltage levels. At this point, the ECU will adjust the injector opening and closing time, so that the mixing ratio between air and fuel is appropriate.
  • The sixth is the parking sensor or the collision sensor: These sensors are usually mounted around the vehicle, to detect and warn of possible collisions with cars. Then the way it works is that it will measure the distance from the vehicle to the surrounding obstacles, it is similar to the principle of a military Radar, that is, the ways this sensor will detect. emits radiation and it will receive the reflected signals back, from which it will calculate the distance to the obstacles, these sensors are usually the type that uses waves. ultrasonic or electromagnetic waves, as you can see on a new generation of cars today, some cars are equipped with a Radar scanner located behind the windshield, it is possible to detect obstacles that assist the driver in driving or as some of the new technologies one can now apply such as image recognition technology, but This technology still has some limitations, so it has not been widely applied on commercial vehicles.

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  • Seventh is the tire pressure sensor: Then in addition to measuring the tire pressure, the tire pressure sensors, it also tells us the temperature of each tire, which can help the driver soon know the conditions that may be present. may lead to danger. In particular, tire pressure is also very important for the operation and fuel economy of the vehicle, the current tire pressure sensor is usually a resistive or capacitive sensor, ie when the pressure is applied. on a membrane, it will cause that membrane to be deformed and bent, from which it will change the resistance or capacitance of that membrane, the signal processing circuit will receive These changes and transmitted to the vehicle via a radio frequency transmitter circuit are about 40 Hz, these circuits are usually powered by a small battery, if the tire pressure sensor system is found. If it doesn't work, it's likely that the battery will run out of energy and need to be replaced with a new battery, but it is unlikely that it has damaged the sensor system. On vehicles that do not have a tire pressure sensor system, we can now install more, the price is somewhere around 2-3 million a set. The signal will then be sent directly to our smartphone through an accompanying app.
  • Eighth is the coolant temperature sensor: The purpose of this sensor is to monitor and adjust the temperature of the coolant to help the engine operate stably, the main structure of this sensor is actually an electric thermometer. resistance, when the temperature changes, it will cause the resistance of the measuring head it will change. Then the signals of the temperature sensor sent to the ECU can help the ECU make a decision that affects whether it is possible to change the fuel injection or change the ignition timing, or on On some cars it can turn on or off the electric cooling fan system.

 

  • Ninth is the sensor of rotation angle and steering speed: Regarding the structure of this sensor on modern cars, it is the same as the speed sensor, and measuring the crankshaft position that I just presented above, the thing that determines the steering angle As well as the steering speed will serve the power steering system and the electric balance system works on its own.

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  • Finally, the airbag detonation sensor: Then this is an issue that many people are very concerned about in recent times, when Toyota cars when a collision occurs, the airbag does not deploy, many people have raised the problem that it can The sensor of this airbag will not work well, then this airbag sensor is arranged in positions on the chassis of the vehicle. In essence, it is just like an electrical switch that only closes the circuit when a strong collision occurs, the structure of the airbag detonation sensor is quite simple, you can observe it. it could consist of a coil of thin sheet of steel, and in the event of a collision, due to inertia the coil would unfurl and roll towards pin B from which it would close the circuit, or Some types are composed of a marble that is placed in a cylindrical tube, when and strongly touched, it will cause this marble to fly to the right hand side of the drawing. At that time, it will press on the two yellow electrodes and close the circuit, something that when the car crashes without deploying the airbag, it may be because the detonation sensor has not closed the circuit or is Even if it closes the circuit, the other parameters that it has not satisfied, such as the deceleration, for example, the ECU has not been able to detonate the airbag.

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So above I have briefly presented some types of sensors in cars, because time is quite tight, so my presentation is still very sketchy, looking forward to your comments. Hello and see you in my next videos!

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